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====== A note about deposition ======

The sputtering of thin films has some advantages over vapor deposition:
  - Sputtered films **adhere more strongly** to substrates than vapor deposited films, due to the high kinetic energies with which the atoms impinge upon the substrate (1-100 eV for sputtering, 0.1-0.5 eV for evaporation).
  - Sputtered films are typically denser and more uniform.
  - The sputtering process is more versatile. The target may be composed of alloys or composite materials in addition to pure metals. Furthermore, //reactive sputtering// is a well established technique for creating compound materials such as NbTiN.
  - Both conductive (metals, alloys) and nonconductive (dielectrics, insulators) films may be deposited. (Although
  - The process may be used in a reverse mode just to clean the surface of the substrates prior to sputtering.
  - Sputtering is isotropic, thus covering step-edges, whereas vapor deposition is line-of-sight, enabling techniques such as //shadow evaporation//.

====== Calibrations ======

For machines that do not have [[Quartz_Crystal_Monitors|quartz crystal monitors]] (which most sputtering system generally don't, while vapor deposition systems generally do have this), thickness calibrations are necessary every once in a while. Such calibrations can be found on the page of each deposition system.
It is crucial to include **all** relevant information about the process.

A calibration should always include:
   * Date of sample fabrication
   * Sample ID to find sample in system logbook
   * Process parameters (pressure, current, voltage, deposition time, xtal thickness etc.)
   * Measurement method (X-ray, RBS, AFM etc.)
   * Measurement result
   * Rate (nm/s or nm/A)

All deposition systems:
   * [[UHV system#deposition_rates|UHV sputtering system]]
   * [[Z-400#deposition_rates Z406|Z-400 sputtering system]]
   * [[ATC-1800#deposition_rates|ATC-1800F sputtering system]]
   * [[Oxides system#deposition_rates|Oxide epitaxy system]]
   * [[K-Cell evaporator#deposition_rates|K-cell evaporator]]
   * [[E-beam evaporator|E-beam evaporator]]


====== Target Configuration ======
[[https://leidenuniv1-my.sharepoint.com/:x:/g/personal/leeuwenacvan_vuw_leidenuniv_nl/EdNkciJ646lJtmdnTpgr1hAB3oOvtc4S-3PkJGZG5VUbsA?e=g5PbaB|Target Planning]]